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<title>Image processor</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Image processor</span></span>

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<p>An <b>image processor</b>, also known as an <b>image processing engine</b>, <b>image processing unit</b> (<b>IPU</b>), or <b>image signal processor</b> (<b>ISP</b>), is a type of <a href="Media_processor" title="Media processor">media processor</a> or specialized <a href="Digital_signal_processor" title="Digital signal processor">digital signal processor</a> (DSP) used for <a href="Image_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Image processing">image processing</a>, in <a href="Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital cameras</a> or other devices.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

Image processors often employ <a href="Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">parallel computing</a> even with <a href="Single_instruction%2C_multiple_data" title="Single instruction, multiple data">SIMD</a> or <a href="Multiple_instruction%2C_multiple_data" title="Multiple instruction, multiple data">MIMD</a> technologies to increase speed and efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="Digital_image" title="Digital image">digital image</a> processing engine can perform a range of tasks.

To increase the system integration on <a href="Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded devices</a>, often it is a <a href="System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">system on a chip</a> with <a href="Multi-core_processor" title="Multi-core processor">multi-core processor</a> architecture.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2></div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bayer_transformation">Bayer transformation</h3></div>

<p>The <a href="Photodiode" title="Photodiode">photodiodes</a> employed in an <a href="Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">image sensor</a> are color-blind by nature: they can only record <a href="Shades_of_gray" title="Shades of gray">shades of grey</a>. To get <a href="Color" title="Color">color</a> into the picture, they are covered with different color filters: <a href="Red" title="Red">red</a>, <a href="Green" title="Green">green</a> and <a href="Blue" title="Blue">blue</a> (<a href="RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB">RGB</a>) according to the pattern designated by the <a href="Bayer_filter" title="Bayer filter">Bayer filter</a>. As each photodiode records the color information for exactly one <a href="Pixel" title="Pixel">pixel</a> of the image, without an image processor there would be a green pixel next to each red and blue pixel.

</p><p>This process, however, is quite complex, and involves a number of different operations. Its quality depends largely on the effectiveness of the <a href="Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithms</a> applied to the raw data coming from the sensor. The mathematically manipulated data becomes the recorded photo file.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demosaicing">Demosaicing</h3></div>

<p>As stated above, the image processor evaluates the color and <a href="Brightness" title="Brightness">brightness</a> data of a given pixel, compares them with the data from neighboring pixels, and then uses a <a href="Demosaicing" title="Demosaicing">demosaicing</a> algorithm to produce an appropriate color and brightness value for the pixel.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The image processor also assesses the whole picture to guess at the correct distribution of <a href="Contrast_(vision)" title="Contrast (vision)">contrast</a>. By adjusting the <a href="Gamma_correction" title="Gamma correction">gamma</a> value (heightening or lowering the contrast range of an image's mid-tones), subtle tonal gradations, such as in <a href="Human_skin" title="Human skin">human skin</a> or the blue of the <a href="Sky" title="Sky">sky</a>, become much more realistic.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noise_reduction">Noise reduction</h3></div>

<p><a href="Image_noise" title="Image noise">Noise</a> is a phenomenon found in any <a href="Electronic_circuit" title="Electronic circuit">electronic circuitry</a>. In <a href="Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">digital photography</a> its effect is often visible as random spots of obviously wrong color in an otherwise smoothly-colored area. Noise increases with temperature and <a href="Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">exposure</a> times. When higher <a href="ISO_5800%3A1987" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 5800:1987">ISO</a> settings are chosen the electronic signal in the image sensor is amplified, which at the same time increases the noise level, leading to a lower <a href="Signal-to-noise_ratio" title="Signal-to-noise ratio">signal-to-noise ratio</a>. The image processor attempts to separate the noise from the image information and to remove it. This can be quite a challenge, as the image may contain areas with fine textures which, if treated as noise, may lose some of their definition.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Image_sharpening">Image sharpening</h3></div>

<p>As the color and brightness values for each pixel are <a href="Interpolated" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpolated">interpolated</a> some <a href="Image_sharpening" class="mw-redirect" title="Image sharpening">image sharpening</a> is applied to even out any fuzziness that has occurred. To preserve the impression of <a href="Depth_perception" title="Depth perception">depth</a>, clarity and fine details, the image processor must sharpen edges and contours. It therefore must <a href="Edge_detection" title="Edge detection">detect edges</a> correctly and reproduce them smoothly and without over-sharpening.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Models">Models</h2></div>

<p>Image processor users are using industry standard products, application-specific standard products (ASSP) or even <a href="Application-specific_integrated_circuit" title="Application-specific integrated circuit">application-specific integrated circuits</a> (ASIC) with trade names: Canon's is called <a href="DIGIC" title="DIGIC">DIGIC</a>, Nikon's <a href="Expeed" title="Expeed">Expeed</a>, Olympus' TruePic, Panasonic's <a href="Venus_Engine" title="Venus Engine">Venus Engine</a> and Sony's <a href="Bionz" title="Bionz">Bionz</a>. Some are known to be based on the <a href="Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a> <a href="Milbeaut" title="Milbeaut">Milbeaut</a>, the <a href="Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a> <a href="OMAP" title="OMAP">OMAP</a>, <a href="Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a> <a href="MN103" title="MN103">MN103</a>, <a href="Zoran_Corporation" title="Zoran Corporation">Zoran</a> Coach, Altek Sunny or <a href="Sanyo" title="Sanyo">Sanyo</a> image/video processors.

</p><p><a href="ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARM architecture</a> processors with its <a href="ARM_NEON" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM NEON">NEON SIMD</a> <a href="Media_Processing_Engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Media Processing Engine">Media Processing Engines</a> (MPE) are often used in <a href="Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Processor_brand_names">Processor brand names</h3></div>

<ul><li>ATI - <a href="Imageon" title="Imageon">Imageon</a> (graphics co-processor used in many early mobile photos to offer camera image signal processing<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li>

<li>Canon - <a href="DIGIC" title="DIGIC">DIGIC</a> (based on Texas Instruments <a href="OMAP" title="OMAP">OMAP</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Casio - EXILIM engine</li>

<li>Epson - EDiART</li>

<li>Fujifilm - EXR III or X Processor Pro</li>

<li>Google - <a href="Pixel_Visual_Core" title="Pixel Visual Core">Pixel Visual Core</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>HTC - ImageSense</li>

<li>Intel - IPU<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>MediaTek - Imagiq</li>

<li>Minolta / Konica Minolta - <a href="SUPHEED" class="mw-redirect" title="SUPHEED">SUPHEED</a> with CxProcess</li>

<li>Leica - MAESTRO (based on Fujitsu <a href="Milbeaut" title="Milbeaut">Milbeaut</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Nikon - <a href="Expeed" title="Expeed">Expeed</a> (based on Fujitsu <a href="Milbeaut" title="Milbeaut">Milbeaut</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Olympus - TruePic (based on Panasonic <a href="MN103" title="MN103">MN103</a>/MN103S)</li>

<li>OPPO - MariSilicon X</li>

<li>Panasonic - <a href="Venus_Engine" title="Venus Engine">Venus Engine</a> (based on Panasonic <a href="MN103" title="MN103">MN103</a>/MN103S)</li>

<li>Pentax - PRIME (Pentax Real IMage Engine) (newer variants based on Fujitsu <a href="Milbeaut" title="Milbeaut">Milbeaut</a>)</li>

<li>Qualcomm - <a href="Qualcomm_Spectra" class="mw-redirect" title="Qualcomm Spectra">Qualcomm Spectra</a> (based on <a href="Qualcomm_Snapdragon" title="Qualcomm Snapdragon">Qualcomm Snapdragon</a>)</li>

<li>Ricoh - GR engine (GR digital), Smooth Imaging Engine</li>

<li>Samsung - DRIMe (based on <a href="Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung</a> <a href="Exynos" title="Exynos">Exynos</a>)</li>

<li>Sanyo - Platinum engine</li>

<li>Sigma - True</li>

<li>Sharp - ProPix</li>

<li>Socionext - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socionextus.com/products/image-processors-milbeaut/">Milbeaut</a> Family of ISPs - SC2000 (M-10V), SC2002 (M-11S)</li>

<li>Sony - <a href="Bionz" title="Bionz">Bionz</a></li>

<li>THine - THP series <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.thine.co.jp/en/products/camera_processor/Image-Signal-Processor/">[1]</a> with compatible SDK Kit for developing firmware <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.thinesolutions.com/camera-development-kit-cdk">[2]</a></li>

<li>UNISOC - Vivimagic</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speed">Speed</h3></div>

<p>With the ever-higher pixel count in image sensors, the image processor's speed becomes more critical: <a href="Photographer" title="Photographer">photographers</a> don't want to wait for the camera's image processor to complete its job before they can carry on shooting - they don't even want to notice some processing is going on inside the camera. Therefore, image processors must be optimised to cope with more data in the same or even a shorter period of time.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software">Software</h2></div>

<p><a href="Libcamera" title="Libcamera">libcamera</a> is a software library that supports using image signal processors for the capture of pictures.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Color_image_pipeline" title="Color image pipeline">Color image pipeline</a></li>

<li><a href="Image_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Image processing">Image processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_image_editing" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital image editing">Digital image editing</a></li>

<li><a href="Demosaicing" title="Demosaicing">Demosaicing</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><div id="System_on_a_chip_(SoC)60" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">System on a chip</a> (SoC)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">Microprocessor</a>

<ul><li><a href="Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">cores</a></li>

<li><a href="Chipset" title="Chipset">controllers</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a> (GPU)</li>

<li><a href="Media_processor" title="Media processor">Media processor</a></li>

<li><a href="AI_accelerator" class="mw-redirect" title="AI accelerator">AI accelerator</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Network_on_a_chip" title="Network on a chip">Network on a chip</a> (NoC)</li>

<li><a href="Multiprocessor_system_on_a_chip" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiprocessor system on a chip">Multiprocessor SoC</a> (MPSoC)</li>

<li><a href="Programmable_system_on_a_chip" class="mw-redirect" title="Programmable system on a chip">Programmable SoC</a> (PSoC)</li>

<li><a href="Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">Microcontroller</a> (MCU)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Multi-chip_module" title="Multi-chip module">Multi-chip module</a> (MCM)</li>

<li><a href="System_in_a_package" title="System in a package">System in a package</a> (SiP)</li>

<li><a href="Package_on_a_package" title="Package on a package">Package on a package</a> (PoP)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Processor</a>

<ul><li><a href="Microprocessor_chronology" title="Microprocessor chronology">chronology</a></li>

<li><a href="Processor_design" title="Processor design">design</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Digital_signal_processor" title="Digital signal processor">Digital signal processor</a> (DSP)</li>

<li><a href="Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded systems</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_system_on_a_chip_suppliers" title="List of system on a chip suppliers">List of SoC suppliers</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_computing" title="Mobile computing">Mobile computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Unified_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified memory">Unified memory</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-05-23" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Image_processor&oldid=1291854374">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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